Noun yaitu jenis kata yang menunjuk sesuatu atau seseorang
Noun Phrase yaitu noun yang dimodifikasikan atau
diterangkan, dijelaskan, diuraikan, dan dibatasi oleh embel-embel
(modifiers) yang leataknya ada di depan, di belakang, atau di depan dan
di belakang noun.
Pronoun yaitu kata yang digunakan untuk menggatikan nounseperti: I, You, They, He, She, It dan lain-lain.
Gerund yaitu kata benda yang berasal dari kata kerja dalam bentuk Ving.
Gerund Phrase yaitu gerund yang diikuti oleh elemen-elemen complemenentary seperti C, A, atau O.
To infinitive yaitu kata benda yang berasaldari kata kerja.
Adjective yaitu jenis kata yang berfungsi untuk menjelaskan, menerangkan, menggambarkan atau menguraikan noun.
Present participle yaitu bentuk Ving yang berfungsi sebagai non-noun(bukan noun) yaitu sebagai kata sifat (adjective) atau kata keterangan (Adverb)
Past Participle yaitu VIII yang berfungsi sebagai
adjective dan atau adverb yang ditandai tidak adanya “auxiliary be” dan
“auxiliary have” di depan VIII tersebut.
Verb yaitu suatu jenis kata yang menunjukkan perbuatan, tindakan, kegiatan atau keadaan dari subjek.
Verb phrase yaitu verb yang disusun atas verb utama yang di dahului oleh kata kerja bantu (auxiliary verb).
Pola Kalimat
Dalam bahasa inggris, bentuk kata kerja (verb) dan to be berubah
mengikuti perubahan waktu terjadinya peristiwa. Bentuk kata kerja yang
menunjuk perubahan waktu ini disebut tenses.
1. POLA KALIMAT I :
| S |
V
|
O
|
Adv
|
|
He
|
studies (verb I)
studied (verb II)
will study
must study
can study
have studied (verb III)
had studied (verb III)
|
English
|
at school
last semester
next year
for his future
efficiently
for six years
before it
|
Dalam bahasa inggris kata kerja (verb) juga mempunyai pola2 tersendiri. Karena itu pola kalimat ini mempunyai beberapa variasi.
a (S) + V + (O) + (Adv)
For example:
1. Read chapter 10
.
2. Please
give your assignment tomorrow
.
3. Do not forget it
.
b. S + V + (Adv)
For example:
1.
My father works in a foreign company.
2.
The guests arrived this morning.
3.
He has come to visit you.
4.
The poor man died because of hunger.
c. S + V + O + (Adv)
1.
he speaks French fluently
2.
I can contact him if necessary
3.
He could finish the work in spite of his illness.
d. S + V + O + O + (Adv)
1.
They told us the secret.
2. My brother bought me a dictionary.
e. S + V + O + preposition + O + (Adv)
1.
They told the secret to us.
2.
My brother bought a dictionary for me
f. S + V + to infinitive + (O) + ( Adv)
1.
The tourist wants to leave now.
2
. We forget to have lunch.
g. S + V + gerund + (O) + (Adv)
1.
Some students like playing truant.
2.
His uncle has stopped smoking.
h. S + V(linking verb) + complement(pelengkap) + (Adv)
1. The boy looks happy this morning.
2. The offer sounds interesting.
3. He remained a teacher.
i. S + V + O + complement (pelengkap) + (Adv)
1. I find statistics difficult
2. They consider you a good student.
j. S + V + O + to infinitive + (Adv)
1.
We kindly
asked her to come.
2. The committee expect the delegation to arrive soon.
k. S + v = O + infinitive + (O) + (Adv)
1.
The dean let them hold the meeting
2.
You must make your students think.
l. S + V + O + Ving + (Adv)
1.
I saw the children playing in the street.
2.
The librarian often catches students stealing the books.
m. S + V + O + VIII + (Adv)
1.
We will have the car repainted.
2.
The clerk can get the identity card done for you.
2. POLA KALIMAT II :
S + to be + complement + (Adv)
Pola kalimat ini mempunyai variasi:
a. S + to be + Adjective (kt.sifat)
1.
Those flowers are beautiful.
2.
The passengers of the wrecked ship were hopeless
3.
Smoking is not
good for health.
4. (You) Be careful
Pada pola TO BE tidak mempunyai arti secara harfiah. Pola ini sering pula diikuti oleh to infinitive.
Contoh:
1. I am pleased
to meet you.
2. Statistics is difficult
to learn.
b. S + to be + Noun (Kata benda/dibendakan)
1. I am a student.
2. My hobby is reading
3. Its purpose is to get some information.
4. To love is to sacrifice.
Dalam variasi pola ini TO BE bisa diartikan
adalah. Sedangkan
reading(Ving), to get, to love, dan tosacrifice(to infinitive) dalam hal ini dianggap benda/dibendakan.
c. S + to be + preposition/ Adv
1. All the instruments are in the laboratory
2. The child’s mother is there.
3. The mountaineers are on the right way.
Dalam variasi pola ini TO BE bisa diartikan
ada/berada
c. S + to be + Verb ing (sedang)
1.
The government is building more vocational schools
2.
They were working in the project.
d. S + to be + verb III (pasif: di-/ter-)
1.
This bridge is made of concrete
2.
Some of the machines are produced in Indonesia.
e. S + to be + to infinitive (harus; direncanakan)
1.
You are to leave tomorrow
2.
The minister is to arrive this afternoon.
f. S + to be + Noun clause
1.
My reason is that your presence is very poor.
2.
That is what I am looking for.
3. POLA KALIMAT III :
|
There + to be + S + (Adv)
|
Dalam pola seperti ini
there bukan berarti di sana, tetapi mempunyai arti
ada.
Contoh
1.
There is a book on the table.
2.
There are some differences between them.
3.
There is not much improvement in his study.
4. POLA KALIMAT IV :
|
It + to be/ Verb(lingking) + complement + S + (Adv)
|
Pola ini mempunyai kesamaan dengan pola kalimat II.
1.
To smoke much is bad It
is bad to smoke much.
S V C V C S
2.
That he came here is true It
is true that he came here
S V C V C S
3. It seems primitive to suggest such an idea.
4. It becomes clear that she is innocent.
|
It + V + (O) + S + ( Adv)
|
5. It needs a lot of money to finance your study.
6. It took the party two hours to get to the top of the mountain.
7. It seems that youth expect more but work less.
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